霉菌产生小孢子繁殖. 霉菌孢子不断地在室内和室外空气中飘荡. 当霉菌孢子落在室内潮湿的地方, 为了生存,它们可能会开始生长和消化它们所生长的任何东西. 有些霉菌可以在木头、纸、地毯和食物上生长. 当室内积聚过多的水分或水分时, 经常会发生霉菌生长, 特别是如果湿度问题仍未被发现或解决. There is no practical way to eliminate all mold and mold spores in the indoor environment; the way to control indoor mold growth is to control moisture.
霉菌可在哮喘敏感患者中引发哮喘发作. 哮喘患者应避免接触或接触霉菌.
洪水过后,霉菌的生长可能是个问题. 环境保护署的简报: 清除洪水:避免室内空气质量问题-讨论洪水过后打扫和修理房屋时应采取的步骤. Excess moisture in the home is cause for concern about indoor air quality primarily because it provides breeding conditions for microorganisms. 本便览提供了在清洁过程中避免产生室内空气质量问题的技巧. U.S. 环保署,1993年8月,文件编号402-F-93-005.
霉菌是如何影响人的?
有些人对霉菌很敏感. 对这些人来说, 接触霉菌会导致鼻塞等症状, 眼睛刺激性, 喘息, 或皮肤过敏. 有些人,比如那些对霉菌严重过敏的人,可能会有更严重的反应. Severe reactions may occur among workers exposed to large amounts of molds in occupational settings, 比如在发霉干草周围工作的农民. 严重的反应可能包括发烧和呼吸短促. 一些患有慢性肺病的人, 比如阻塞性肺病, 可能在肺部发展成霉菌感染.
环保署的出版物, 室内空气污染:卫生专业人员简介, assists health professionals (especially the primary care physician) in the diagnosis of patient symptoms that could be related to an indoor air pollution problem. It addresses the health problems that may be caused by contaminants encountered daily in the home and office. 按污染物或污染物组组织,如环境烟草烟雾, 挥发性有机化合物的仪器, 生物污染物, 还有病态建筑综合症, 这本小册子列出了暴露于这些污染物的主要迹象和症状, 提供诊断检查表和快速参考摘要, 并包括对补救行动的建议. 它还包括每个部分中包含的信息的参考资料. This booklet was developed by the American Lung Association, the American Medical Association, the U.S. 消费者产品安全委员会和环保局. 环保署文件参考编号402-R-94-007, 1994.
过敏反应-节选自 室内空气污染:卫生专业人员简介 动物皮屑,霉菌,尘螨,其他生物制品.
“与接触生物污染物有关的一个主要问题是过敏反应, 哪些是鼻炎, 鼻塞, 结膜炎症, 从荨麻疹到哮喘. Notable triggers for these diseases are allergens derived from house dust mites; other arthropods, including cockroaches; pets (cats, 狗, 鸟, rodents); molds; and protein-containing furnishings, 包括羽毛, 木棉, 等. 在职业环境中,更不寻常的过敏原(如.g.如细菌酶、藻类)引起哮喘流行. Probably most proteins of non-human origin can cause 哮喘 in a subset of any appropriately exposed population."
环保署的出版物"一个简单的指南,霉菌,水分,和你的家”, 西班牙语 (PDF, 20 pp, 796KB). This Guide provides information and guidance for homeowners and renters on how to clean up residential mold problems and how to prevent mold growth.
你家里的生物污染物 —本文件解释室内生物污染, 生物污染物对健康的影响, 以及如何控制它们的生长和生长. One third to one-half of all structures have damp conditions that may encourage the development of pollutants such as molds and bacteria, 哪些会导致过敏反应——包括哮喘——并传播传染病. 描述实现湿度控制和清洁的纠正措施. 这本小册子是由美国肺脏协会和美国肺脏协会准备的.S. 消费品安全委员会. 该出版物于1997年由消费品安全委员会更新
湿度控制是模具控制的关键, 以下是《12bet》中的水分控制部分:
家里的水有很多来源. 水可以通过渗漏或渗入地下室的地板进入你家. 淋浴甚至做饭都会增加室内空气的湿度. 你家里的空气所能容纳的水分量取决于空气的温度. 随着温度的下降,空气中的水分会减少. 这就是为什么, 在寒冷的天气, 湿气在冷的表面凝结(例如, 水滴在窗户内侧形成). 这种湿气会促进生物污染物的生长.
如果过多的湿气聚集在窗户和其他寒冷的表面,你的加湿器设置过高. Excess humidity for a prolonged time can damage walls especially when outdoor air temperatures are very low. 由于玻璃很冷,多余的水分凝结在玻璃窗上. 除了过度使用加湿器外,其他过多水分的来源可能是长时间的淋浴, 其他用途的自来水, 煮或蒸的, 植物, 在室内烘干衣服. 一个紧密的, energy-efficient house holds more moisture inside; you may need to run a kitchen or bath ventilating fan sometimes, 或者短暂地打开一扇窗户. Storm windows and caulking around windows keep the interior glass warmer and reduce condensation of moisture there.
增湿器 are not recommended for use in buildings without proper vapor barriers because of potential damage from moisture buildup. 咨询建筑承包商,确定你房子里的蒸汽屏障是否足够. 用一个湿度指示器来测量你房子的相对湿度. The American Society of 加热 and 12bet Engineers (ASHRAE) recommends these maximum indoor humidity levels.
+20º F. | 35% |
+10º F. | 30% |
0º F. |
25% |
-10º F. | 20% |
-20º F. | 15% |
来源:安妮领域, 扩展专业, 名誉, 参考家用电器制造商协会(http://www.aham.org/).
Mold and mildew are commonly found on the exterior wall surfaces of corner rooms in heating climate locations. An exposed corner room is likely to be significantly colder than adjoining rooms so that it has a higher relative humidity (RH) than other rooms at the same water vapor pressure. 如果在房间的角落里发现霉菌和发霉的生长, 此时房间表面的相对湿度应在70%以上. 然而, is the RH above 70% at the surfaces because the room is too cold or because there is too much moisture present (high water vapor pressure)?
The amount of moisture in the room can be estimated by measuring both temperature and RH at the same location and at the same time. 假设有两种情况. 第一种情况,假设室内相对湿度为30%,中间温度为70oF. The low RH at that temperature indicates that the water vapor pressure (or absolute humidity) is low. 高表面RH可能是由于房间表面“太冷”.“温度是主要因素, 控制策略应包括提高冷室表面的温度.
In the second case, assume that the RH is 50% and the temperature is 70oF in the middle of the room. The higher RH at that temperature indicates that the water vapor pressure is high and there is a relatively large amount of moisture in the air. 表面的高RH可能是由于空气“太潮湿”.“湿度是主要因素, 控制策略应包括降低室内空气的含水率.
你应该清洁你家里的风管吗? -摘录的管道清洗和模具如下, 请查看整个文件,以获得更多关于管道清洁和模具的信息.
在坚硬的表面有明显的霉菌生长.g.,金属片)管道或您的加热和冷却系统的其他组件. There are several important points to understand concerning mold detection in heating and cooling systems:
空气中霉菌浓度的标准或阈值限值(TLVs), 或霉菌孢子, 还没有设定. 目前,美国环保署还没有针对空气中霉菌污染物的规定或标准.
环境保护署